The history of oil.
Oil known to man since ancient times. In different countries it was called differently, although most of the titles translated into Russian means "earthen" or "naphtha". The modern name of the case from the word "nafata" that the language of the peoples of Malaya Aziioznachaet "leak". Isolation of natural fuel gas received from the ancient people called the "eternal fire". References to oil is found in various ancient manuscripts and books which have reached us. The earliest mention of the Baku oil belongs to the times of Alexander of Macedon, the Greek historian and philosopher Plutarch tells about the sources of oil on the river Amu Darya.
As a result XVIIIVEKA near Baku was already known quite a lot of oil wells. Oil Wells, poured into the pit, surrounded by a stone ("pits"). Involved moving neftna camel carts in leather bags - bordyukah in different areas-in Shemakha, Guilan, even in Western Evropu.Okolo also being developed in the oil industry and the North. Caucasus (Maikop district of the city). Large known acquired a prototype refinery, built by brothers Dubinin in 1823. This primitive plant was built to receive crude oil from light oil. Almost 80 years earlier Fedor Pryadunovym built a plant in Ukhta.
By the middle. XIXVEKA relevant test tampering oil reservoir with oil wells. I-e attempts to bore have been made yet for 2000 years BC in China's Sichuan province. They used hand-drilling with bamboo rods for the extraction of brine. Such works were carried out in the XVI century and in Ancient Russia in areas Soligalich, Nizhny Novgorod, Staraya Russa and other places. Drilling on the water with iron rods have been used extensively in Russia, starting from the XVIII century.
Now the search for and extraction of oil is connected to science, which significantly expedite all processes.

The search fields.
The search for oil must be conducted on a scientific basis. For a successful search for oil requires a good idea to know the conditions of formation of rocks, geological history of the formation and development of large fragments of the crust.
Science petroleum geology emerged as a result of the last century. It analyzes the occurrence and distribution of oil and gas in rocks. With the development of the science in the search and exploration of oil and gas fields have been held on a scientific basis. The situation that the oil, gas and water fills the pores and cracks in rocks and are distributed in layers, respectively, densities, was the first search direction to geologists and scouts. Layers of rocks may lie not only horizontally, but can be folded into folds. The folds of its convexity upward, called anticlinal folds or anticlines, folds, opposite the nature of the bending of layers, called synclines or synclines.
In the I-s drilling has proven that virtually all known by the time oil became associated with the anticlinal folds. More often, oil deposits were found in good permeable rocks in the vaults of anticlinal folds. This gave rise to anticlinal hypothesis, which became the basis of exploration. It turned out that the anticlinal folds can form entire sections of different configurations (linear, fan-shaped, semicircular), particularly in the foothill areas.
Development drilling and geological-physical studies sections of boreholes is essential complemented the information about the structure of the Earth's interior. Including , It was found that at the same site within a single tectonic structure may be several oil reservoirs located in different horizons at different hypsometric elevations and generators, so a lot of blanket deposit.
Oil field is the set of oil, made in the depths of one area and subordinates in the course of self-education single tectonic structure.
First and foremost you want to explore the geological structure of the area to know what rocks composed of the crust in the area of search, its tectonic structure, the existence of oil-producing species and the nature of their occurrence and, also, one must know the history of education and development of rayona.Vse this purpose geologists and scouts . Then, when it is strictly defined by the location of oil getting into the act drillers, which are involved in the actual production of oil.

Physical properties of oil varies considerably. Crucial to the parameters are: density, viscosity, luminescence, color, smell and otherwise.
Oil density, as the density of any body, called the mass of oil per unit volume. The density of oil varies on average from .75 to 1.00 at a temperature of 20 degrees and depends on the composition of oil.
The coefficient of shrinkage-value (in percentage) decrease in volume of 1 m3 of oil extracted from the reservoir and displaced in storage tanks. Shrinkage of oil occurs at the expense of cooling oil, and by removing the gas.
Viscosity - the ability to resist liquid flow. The higher the viscosity of the liquid, the slower it flows, and vice versa. For example, light oil is very mobile, and heavy - very viscous and sometimes turn into semi-solid substance.
Luminescence - the cold glow of a substance due to different causes. Luminescence material under the influence of light is called photoluminescence. The latter type of luminescence is divided into two subspecies: flyuoristsentsiyu and phosphorescence. Flyuoristsentsiey called fluorescence substance is when it is irradiated, but if after the cessation of irradiation substance continues to shine, then this phenomenon is called phosphorescence.
All the oil in a greater or lesser extent fluorescing. Maximum flyuristsiruyuschimi are aromatic oil. Color flyuoristsentsii sulfur crude oil varies from yellowish to green, and blue. This property is used for the determination of traces of oil in the rocks traversed by wells in the so-called fluorescent-bitumilogicheskoy shooting at exploration.
Under the optical activity the ability to understand the organic substances present in the oil, rotate the plane of polarization of light. It is caused due to the presence in the molecule of the substance asymmetric carbon atom, ie the atom, all of which are saturated valences different atoms or radicals. The presence of oil in the optically active compounds is usually one of the proofs of the organic origin of oil, because optically active substances can not be synthesized by organic means.
Calorific value - the number of heat released during complete combustion of a number of substances. For example, the full combustion of 1 kg of oil allocated 10340-10914 kcal, and the full combustion of 1 m3 of gas - 8900 kcal.

Фракция
Содержание в %
Количество атомов углерода в молекуле
Промежуток температуры кипения
Использование
1. Газы
2
С1-С5

Топливо
2. Петролейный эфир
2
С5-С7
30-110
Растворители
3. Бензин
32
С6-С12
30-200
Моторное топливо, получение олефинов
4. Керосин
18
С12-С15
175-275
Реактивное и дизельное топливо
5. Гайзоль
20
С15-С19
250-400
Горючее
6. Смазочные масла
--
С19-...
300
Смазочные средства, асфальт.

Газообразные продукты - I-я фракция отгона. По большей части пропан и метан, которые применяются как топливо.

Петролейный эфир -состоит из смеси пентанов, гексанов и гептанов. Широко применяется как растворитель в лакокрасочной и пищевой промышленности.

Бензин - этот бензин называется бензином прямой гонки. Он состоит по большей части из циклических и ароматических углеводородов. Бензин прямой гонки применяют как сырье для получения низших углеводородов. Необходимые качества топлива бензин приобретает при введении в смесь углеводородов, соответствующих добавок и последующей переработке.

Керосин - он представляет собою смесь насыщенных и ненасыщенных углеводородов. На протяжении массы леткеросин используется для освещения или подвергался крекированию для получения бензина. В последнее время керосин служит топливом для реактивных двигателей.

Газойль и мазут - само наименование показывает , что эту фракцию применяли для обогащения водяного газа при употреблении его в качестве топлива. Мазут используется в котельных установках работающих на жидком топливе.

Смазочные масла - эта фракция может оказаться разделена путем фракционирования на масла, отличающихся м/у собою вязкостью. Вязкость масел зависит от структуры входящих во фракцию углеводородов. Смазки отыскали широкое использование в разных областях техники для уменьшения трения механических частей , для предохранения металла от коррозии. К смазкам добавляют особые присадки, которые обеспечивают им нужную сферу эксплуатации.

Кубовый остаток - остаток после перегонки нефти . Состоит из углеводородов асфальтового типа. Из кубового остатка получают петролатум, как правило называемый вазелином. Кубовый остаток дает асфальт, который применяют как связующий материал при изготовлении изоляционных покрытий.
Classification of petroleum products.

Crude oil is sold, that is, it might be called a commodity, but for the end user, it does not represent any interest in the raw form. Because oil is distilled and are refined petroleum products such as gasoline, gases, ethers, kerosene, etc.
The first obstacle to the transformation of crude oil into marketable product is water. Oil and water form a stable emulsion of "water-oil", which may destroy the only demulsifying agent. This is done at facilities ELOU. Then, as this process is complete begin oil refining and producing the following commercial products:

Fraction
Content in%
The number of carbon atoms in a molecule
Gap boiling
Use
1. Gas
2
C1-C5

Fuel
2. Petroleum ether
2
C5-C7
30-110
Solvents
3. Petrol
32
C6-C12
30-200
Motor gasoline, olefin
4. Kerosene
18
C12-C15
175-275
Jet and diesel fuel
5. Gayzol
20
A15-A19
250-400
Fuel
6. Lubricants
-
A19-...
300
Lubricants, asphalt.

The gaseous products - I-I fraction distillation. Most of the propane and methane, which are used as fuel.

Petroleum ether is a mixture of pentanes, hexane and heptane. It is widely used as a solvent in paint and food industries.

Gasoline - gasoline, this is called gasoline direct race. It consists mostly of cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Gasoline direct distillation is used as raw material for lower hydrocarbons. Required fuel quality gasoline gets when introduced into a mixture of hydrocarbons of the additives and the subsequent processing.

Kerosene - it represents a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. During the mass letkerosin used for lighting or subjected krekirovaniyu for gasoline. Recently, kerosene fuel used by jet engines.

Gas oil and fuel oil - the very name shows that this fraction was used for the enrichment of water vapor when using it as fuel. Fuel oil is used in heating plants operating on liquid fuel.

Lubricating oil - this fraction can be separated by fractionation on oil, characterized by m / y themselves viscosity. The viscosity of oils depends on the structure within the fraction of hydrocarbons. Lubricants have found wide use in various areas of technology to reduce the friction of mechanical parts, to protect the metal from corrosion. To add a special grease additives, which provide them the necessary scope of operation.

Vat balance - the balance after the distillation of oil. It consists of hydrocarbons such as asphalt. Of the waste residue are petrolatum, usually known as Vaseline. Vat residue gives the asphalt, which is used as a binder in the manufacture of insulating coatings.

The concept of classification.
Classification - the distribution of goods to different groups based on a combination of goods in these groups and on the principle of uniformity of operation of the main feature.
Current world trade uses in its own turnover, according to experts, 10 in the 7-th degree items. There are about 200 member nations of the world trade. World Trade Organization was created to address and control the processes taking place in world trade.
One of the main objectives of the organization is to create a unified global approach, whose essence in creating a single world language, in any way can communicate with all participants in world trade.
As a single method for creating such a language was the possibility of exploitation of classifiers. The need for a classification of goods was formed long ago, it coincided with the emergence of markets in Western Europe a large number of goods. In early attempts to establish classification (18 century), they were primitive lists (lists) of goods, which at that time in some situations were signs klassifikatsionnosti.Produkty supply classified into overseas and colonial, and industrial goods (textiles, clothing, shoes, jewelry, precious metals and stones, building materials, wood, etc.)
As economies develop, with increasing range of goods on the world market, with the development of factory and factory production created a need for further specification of the primary primitive classifications.
The basis of the further detail is the use of combining characters, but smaller znachimosti.Neobhodimost in detail is due to greater demand for product line and led to the creation of modern classifications within the first countries after the establishment of International Classifications. Modern classifications were made on a scientific basis.
Current status of world trade is impossible without control of commercial traffic, assessing his condition, a statistical study of the market (in particular its dynamics), the establishment of customs, statistical processing of the goods flows, estimates of the economic characteristics of the scale of world trade. All this is unthinkable without the exploitation of the classifications.

Selecting the main feature.
One of the main principles underpinning the creation of classifications are requirements for the selection of the principal feature.
The main feature - the assignment of goods to any group, what is the basis for uniting the product line in one group and that allows using this feature to determine if the product code in the classification.
When creating classifications apply some principles of choice of the main character, that are utilized for the following:
1. When choosing the main character should be guided by the origin of the goods. The concept of origin implies uniformity of technological processes used in the manufacture of goods of this group. Under the uniformity necessary to understand the industry or activity.
2. Means of production is recommended for classification purposes in the course of production. The maximum is characteristic of the production unit are classified by means of effort and the efforts of the objects. Subjects efforts can be classified using attributes: raw materials, basic materials and accessories, and fuel (energy sources). When classifying materials according to this criterion can color large groups (building materials, metal products, etc.)
3. Also in the middle of important recommendations can be used in the assignment of commodities to groups that unite them on the basis of uniformity of any properties, and most importantly: the uniformity of physical, chemical and biological properties.
When choosing the main character, combining products into a unified nomenclature groups may be involved in such settings goods, such as shapes and sizes, from time to time weighting parameters.

Classification systems.
The practice of creating different classifications to the same uses systems based on Roman or Arabic digital systems notation (often Arab). In the Arabic number system used by hundreds and decimal classification system. The essence of these systems is that any higher level of classification is subdivided or 10 or 100 levels of classification groups. In some situations, these systems can be used simultaneously, but at different levels. This applies only to the use of Arabic digital system.
When using the Roman numeric symbols, these concepts are not acceptable.
In the application, unscientific, illegitimacy classifications are no strict requirements on the number of groups and classification levels no. Such systems are not characteristic of systematicity (unsystematic). They are called arbitrary. Violation of system appears in those situations where at some level or classification system does not have enough capacity.
The disadvantage of the decimal system in some situations is the lack of system capacity when new products, which could lead to an artificial product placement in groups that were created using no acceptably main character - a consequence - the destruction of the system.
The advantages of the decimal system are: compact, easy digital symbols during encoding of the goods.
The squadron system is more capacious, avoids the shortcomings of the previous one, but more cumbersome in construction, has a more cumbersome codes (2 digits).